Terminology | Transgender, non-binary and gender diverse children

AFAB

When the sex you were assigned at birth was female (AFAB). Also referred to as presumed or assumed female at birth (PFAB and AFAB).

Agender

When someone doesn’t identify as being of any gender,

Ally

An ally is a person who supports a particular marginalised community that they are not a member of. They use their privilege, time, and resources to provide more support for the community in ways that the community would like. Simply calling yourself an ally, does not make you one.

AMAB

When the sex you were assigned at birth was male (AMAB). Also referred to as presumed or assumed male at birth (PMAB and AMAB).

Androgynous

Androgynous is when someone is neutral in their gender expression; neither looking how the specific culture defines masculine or feminine. Sometimes, people expect non-binary people to be androgynous in their gender expression when non-binary can express their gender in a range of ways, which can also change.

Binding

Binding is when people use materials to compress their chest tissue. This makes the chest tissue sit flatter. People bind their chests with commercially bought binders, sports bras/tops, activewear, tight clothing, layering shirts/activewear, tape, compression bandages, and other materials. Some options are safer than others.

Bottom surgery

Bottom surgery is gender-affirming surgery in which the genitals are modified. This can be done so the body aligns more with the person’s gender. In some places, particular types of bottom surgeries are required for legal transition. Not every transgender/non-binary/gender-diverse (TGD) person pursues bottom surgery. Both cisgender and trans people may seek to affirm their gender through bottom surgery.

Brotherboy

Brotherboy is a term for trans boys/men and trans masc people used in some Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.

Cisgender

For most people, their gender will line up with the biological sex they were assigned at birth. These people are sometimes referred to as cisgender people. Cis means ‘on the side of’. For example, someone who was assigned male at birth (AMAB) who sees themselves as a boy/man.

Clocking 

Clocking is a term used by some transgender people to refer to being perceived by others as a trans person when they do not want to be read as a trans person for a range of reasons. Clocking is not an appropriate term for people who are not transgender to use when describing transgender people. Sometimes, being read as a trans person can increase the risk and stigma for a trans person, depending on the context.

Coming out/Inviting in

Coming out is a term used to describe sharing with others that you are transgender/non-binary/gender-diverse (TGD). Inviting in is a different take on this process, which focuses on the TGD person’s ongoing process of deciding who they would like to invite in to share this aspect of their identity with. It acknowledges that the choice not to come out is also valid and makes you no less TGD as a person. It also acknowledges that culturally cisgender people are not expected to come out as cisgender.

Conversion therapy – conformity – reparative model

‘Conversion therapy’ and ‘reparative therapy’ is when family/communities/people reject the transgender or non-binary person’s gender identity. They then engage in a range of activities that aim to get the transgender or non-binary person to be the gender that aligns with their sex at birth, under the premise that this is the right gender for the person. It is a deeply rejecting process that is associated with worsening mental health for transgender and non-binary people. As conversion therapy has had a bad wrap, it is often re-branded in new sounding terms that don’t have the same historical bad wrap. But it’s the same thing, albeit in different disguises. The international Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People recommend against conversion and reparative therapy due to its negative impacts. 

Cross-dresser

A cross-dresser is someone who wears clothes that are typically associated with a gender that is not their own. For example, a male wearing hyper-feminine clothes. A cross-dresser’s gender is more likely to align with the sex they were presumed to be at birth. In other words, they are cisgender. ‘Cross-dresser’ is often considered a derogatory term. 

Deadname

To deadname someone is to use a name the person no longer uses. For example, calling a genderfluid person who is named Zenith by their old name Dean. Or calling a trans boy who is named Keith his old name Rebecca. Dean and Rebecca are their dead names. Deadnaming people can cause distress for many trans people. It can be considered a microaggression, disrespectful, and hostile. 

Detransition

Detransition is ‘when a person who has already transitioned returns to live as the gender assigned at birth’ designated by their biological sex at birth (Gender GP, 2024). Other terms described are discontinued transition, retransition, reidentification, detrans, interrupted transition, and desistance. People who stop transition are not one homogenous group. Some people stop transitioning because they no longer identify with their transgender gender identity. While others stop transition for a variety of reasons but still identify with their transgender gender identity. Detransition is often used in anti-trans propaganda to attempt to undermine access to puberty blockers, hormonal affirmation, and surgical affirmation.

Drag queen

Drag is not the same as being a transgender person, though they are often incorrectly seen as the same due to a lack of understanding about what drag is. Drag is a performance that theatrically explores and plays with cultural ideas of masculinity and femininity. Both cisgender people and transgender/non-binary/gender-diverse (TGD) people may perform drag. Dressing up as a woman for performance is not the same as identifying as a woman. One is performance, and the other is about identity. Gender identity is how you see and understand your gender. Whether you feel and know yourself to be a girl/woman, boy/man, non-binary, or other gender(s). Gender identity ‘describes how you think of yourself, it’s how we feel inside, and how you want to be known by others’ (EACH UK).

Enby 

A term some people use which is short for non-binary.

Feminising

Transgender/non-binary/gender-diverse (TGD) people may seek to try and shape their bodies, voice, clothing, and mannerisms to be more like their gender and less like the sex they were assigned at birth. When this is done to be more like what that person’s culture thinks of as feminine, this is called feminising. Some examples for a transgender woman might include voice training, taking estradiol, growing hair long, using padding in clothing, wearing skirts, breast augmentation surgery, and removing facial hair. Cisgender women also engage in feminising their presentation. Some non-binary/gender-diverse people also do this.

FTM

FTM means female to male and refers to someone whose sex at birth was female, but they have transitioned to their gender of being a man. While it’s still in use, many consider it outdated and can be considered offensive as it brings attention to the sex at birth, which the person doesn’t identify with. 

Gender

Gender is not about biology; the physical characteristics we are born with. Gender is about the social and cultural. ‘Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender-diverse people’ (Canadian Institute of Health Research, 2023).  How cultures construct what it means to be a boy/man, girl/woman, or gender-diverse person can shift over time and across cultures and groups.

Gender-affirmation

Gender affirmation means affirming a person in their gender. The person themself can do this as well as others. 

Gender-affirming medical/health care (GAMC)

GAMC is an evidence-based, high-quality standard of medical care in which a TGD person has their gender affirmed in the health care system. It’s associated with significantly improved well-being for transgender people.

Gender-affirming surgery/ Medical affirmation/Surgical affirmation

Gender-affirming surgery is when a person affirms their gender by undergoing surgery that changes their body to look and function in a way that is aligned with their gender. Other terms used include surgery affirmation, medical affirmation, and medical transition. 

Gender dysphoria

Gender dysphoria is the biological sex someone was assigned at birth, and their gender does not match, and this mismatch causes distress. This can be a term people use to describe this distress. Gender dysphoria can also be a mental health diagnosis which relates to ‘clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning’ which has emerged from the gender mismatch (American Psychiatric Association APA, 2024). Gender dysphoria as a diagnosis has a criterion for children which differs somewhat from adolescent and adult criteria.

Gender expression

Gender expression ‘is the representation of gender as expressed through one’s name, pronouns, clothing, hairstyle, behaviour, voice, or similar characteristics’ (NYC Human Rights). Cisgender and TGD people can use outward expression to experience, communicate, and explore their gender. When a person expresses themself in clothes/hairstyles/makeup/mannerisms, which that particular culture associates with being a boy/man, this may be referred to as masculine expression or masc.  When a person expresses themself in clothes/hair/makeup/mannerisms, which that particular culture associates with being a girl/woman, this may be referred to as feminine expression or femme. What constitutes masculine or feminine is not a given and can differ across cultures. Neutral gender expression exists, too. As does gender non-conforming, gender fluid, and non-binary. Gender expression is not the same as gender identity. Just because someone may have a masc look does not mean their gender identity is boy/man. 

Gender fluid

Someone who is gender fluid has a gender identity that shifts across a range of genders.

Gender identity

Gender identity is how you see and understand your gender. Whether you feel and know yourself to be a girl/woman, boy/man, non-binary, or other gender(s). Gender identity ‘describes how you think of yourself, it’s how we feel inside, and how you want to be known by others’ (EACH UK). 

Gender incongruence

Incongruence means something doesn’t fit or fit well. In this case, the something that doesn’t fit is the biological sex someone was assigned at birth and their gender. For example, someone who was assigned male at birth, but their gender is woman. Gender incongruence is also a diagnosis in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Edition: The global standard for diagnostic health information (ICD 11). This a diagnostic health manual published by the World Health Organisation. This manual has two diagnoses: gender incongruence of childhood and Gender incongruence of adolescence or adulthood.

Gender non-conforming

A person may be considered gender non-conforming when they express (e.g., behave, dress, appearance, talk) in ways that sit outside of the social and cultural norms associated with being female or male. Cisgender children can also be gender non-conforming.

Genderqueer

Gender queer can be a term used to describe experiencing self as neither all man nor all woman.

Intersex

Biological sex isn’t limited to two boxes (female/male) we neatly fit into. Rather, biological sex is on a spectrum. This spectrum doesn’t just exist in humans but also across other species. Diversity in biological sex is now understood to be a natural occurrence. Intersex (I) is when someone is born with sex characteristics that don’t neatly fit the boxes of what is medically or socially the norm. This can include differences in sex organs (internal and external), chromosomes, hormones and other natural variations. Sometimes, this is picked up at birth. Other times, this becomes apparent later, such as when someone reaches puberty, is trying to conceive a baby, or has surgery. Being intersex is about variations in the body and not about the gender you see yourself as.

LGBTQIA+/LGBT

LGBTQIA+ is an acronym that covers different groups of people based on their sexual orientation and attraction, gender identity, or biological sex variations. Lesbian (L), gay (G), bisexual (B), relate to sexual orientation. Transgender/trans person (T) relates to gender identity. In some areas the T in the acronym includes non-binary and gender-diverse people, but in others this is represented by another letter or the “+”. Queer and/or questioning (Q) can relate to sexual orientation/attraction and or gender identity because it covers both. Questioning can mean you are exploring these identities. Queer has previously been used as a derogatory slur so some people may find it offensive, so don’t use it unless the person does. Asexual (A) relates to not feeling much or any sexual attraction. The “+” relates to identities not covered by the previous letters. Biological sex isn’t limited to two boxes (female/male) we neatly fit into. Rather, biological sex is on a spectrum. This spectrum doesn’t just exist in humans; it exists across other species, too. Diversity in biological sex is now understood to be a natural occurrence. Intersex (I) is when someone is born with sex characteristics () that don’t neatly fit the boxes of what is medically or socially the norm. This can include differences in sex organs (internal and external), chromosomes, hormones and other natural variations. Sometimes, this is picked up at birth. Other times, this becomes apparent later, such as when someone reaches puberty, is trying to conceive a baby, or has surgery. Being intersex is about the body and not about the gender you see yourself as. Being lesbian, gay, or bisexual is about sexual orientation and not about the gender you see yourself as. 

Masculinising

TGD people may seek to try and shape their bodies, voice, clothing, and mannerisms to be more like their gender and less like the sex they were assigned at birth. When this is done to be more like what that person’s culture thinks of as masculine, this is called masculinising. Some examples for a transgender man might include top surgery/chest masculinisation, taking testosterone, getting a short hairstyle, growing facial hair, and working out at the gym to build bulk in the shoulders. Cisgender men also engage in masculinising their presentation. Some non-binary/gender-diverse people also do this.

Medical transitioning

Medical transitioning is when a transgender or non-binary person affirms their gender by having hormone therapy and/or surgery.

Microaggression

Microaggressions are ‘the everyday, subtle, usually unintentional interactions or behaviours that communicate some sort of bias toward historically marginalised groups’ (Nadal, 2022).

Misgendering

Misgendering is when someone refers to someone’s gender incorrectly. This can be through not using their pronouns or names or categorising them in a gender that is not theirs—for example, greeting a group of colleagues as “hi girls” when one of them is a trans man, referring to a bearded non-binary person who goes by they/them pronouns as he, calling a trans girl her no longer used name, or sending a trans man client correspondence addressed to “Miss”. Misgendering people can cause distress for many trans people. It can be considered a microaggression, disrespectful, and hostile to keep misgendering someone. 

Minority stress

Poorer mental health (and physical health) outcomes TGD people often come from transgender people’s cumulative experiences of being stigmatised, being marginalised, being discriminated against, microaggressions, non-affirmation, trans hostility/violence, and transphobia. This results in minority stress. Minority stress is the stress that arises from how minority identities are stigmatised and treated within society. The minority stress model is there to help us better understand the relationship between how gender minorities are treated, and the health inequalities TGD people experience. It can be helpful to understand and explore with young people because it can help us better name up and not blame the person or blame being transgender for why they are experiencing mental health issues.

MTF

MTF means male to female and refers to someone whose sex at birth was male but they have transitioned to their gender of being a woman. While it’s still in use, many consider it outdated and can be considered offensive as it brings attention to the sex at birth, which the person doesn’t identify with. 

Non-binary

Non-binary means ‘not restricted to two things’. Non-binary people don’t experience themselves as essentially male or female. Non-binary people’s understanding of their gender sits outside of the binary of male or female. This is different for different non-binary people. Some non-binary people have no gender (agender). Some non-binary people have a gender that fluctuates (genderfluid). Some people identify as having two genders (bigender) and others as having multiple genders (pangender). Some non-binary people refer to themselves as enbies. Some non-binary people may also use the term transgender. For other non-binary people, this term doesn’t fit with their understanding of self. 

Oestrogen

Oestrogen is one group of hormones the ovaries make. One type of oestrogen, estradiol, helps the body physically develop female sex characteristics. Estradiol can also be repeatedly administered to people who want to feminise the body.

Packing

Some TGD people use packing. Packing is when someone uses materials to create a bulge or bulk in their crotch area. This can be done to appear as a penis. The material is referred to as a packer. 

Padding

Some TGD people use padding and padded underwear to give form and increase size to breasts, bottoms, and/or hips. 

Paediatrician

A paediatrician is a doctor who specialises in the medical care and development of children and young people.

Passing

Passing is a term some transgender people may use to describe being perceived by others as being their gender without other people perceiving them as a transgender person. Passing is not a term appropriate for cisgender people to use when communicating about transgender people because it has negative connotations. It’s important to remember that a trans man is a man, and a trans woman is a woman. Trans people don’t owe anyone having to look a certain way.

Pronouns

A pronoun is a word you use instead of a noun. A person’s name is a noun. Commonly used pronouns in English include she/hers, they/them, and he/his. They/them pronouns are gender-neutral because they are not culturally associated in English with a specific gender. Using the pronoun that a TGD person has communicated they want to be used for them is a way to demonstrate respect, acknowledgment, and politeness to the person. 

Puberty

Puberty is a period that occurs in adolescence when the body changes quickly and includes the maturation of reproductive organs. Puberty for kids with ovaries/vulvas typically starts between 9-10 years of age, and for kids with testicles, puberty typically starts between 10-12 years of age. Some changes in puberty, depending on biological sex, include voice changes, breasts developing, hips widening, acne, beards, underarm/pubic/chest hair, and menstruation (periods). Puberty typically has a predictable sequence for kids with testes and kids with ovaries. This sequence has been broken down into five stages, called the Tanner stages in the medical world. For some TGD people, puberty can be a time where distress emerges or is exacerbated because the physical mismatch between gender and the sex assigned at birth is greater at this time than before puberty. 

Puberty blockers

Puberty blockers are a prescribed medication that pauses puberty. It blocks gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH). This means the secondary sex characteristics that typically develop in line with a person’s sex assigned at birth at puberty are put on hold. The medication is administered either by injection, nasal spray, or implant. Puberty blockers are an evidence-based medical intervention sometimes used in trans health care. They are also used as a treatment for some cisgender children who enter puberty much earlier than is typical, which is sometimes referred to as precocious puberty. Puberty blockers have been in use for the past two decades. Puberty blockers aren’t permanent. If you stop taking them, puberty starts up again and progresses. 

Sexual orientation

Sexual orientation is the enduring ‘sexual, emotional, and/or romantic attractions one has to others’ typically based on the sex(es) or gender(s) someone is ‘attracted to’ (Crooks et al., 2021). Everyone has a sexual orientation. How the person self-identifies with their sexual orientation is up to them. Gender identity and sexual orientation are not the same thing. Being transgender does not mean you are gay or lesbian. Transgender people can have any sexual orientation, just like cisgender people.

Sistergirl

Sistergirl is a term for trans girls/women and trans femme people used in some Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.

SOC 8

SOC8 refers to the eighth edition of the international Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, which the World Professional Association for Transgender Health publishes. The standards of care guide health practitioners in evidence-based health care for trans people, including children and adolescents.

Social transition/Social affirmation

A social transition is when people start expressing their gender in ways often observable to others. Social affirmations include name changes, pronoun changes, changes in dress and hairstyles, wearing uniforms that match gender, wearing make-up, using a binder, changing mannerisms, and speaking. Social transitions/affirmations are transitions that can be changed and don’t have to be permanent. They allow children, young people, and adults to live in the gender that feels right for them.

Stealth

Stealth is a term some transgender people may use to describe living in their gender without other people being aware they are transgender. Stealth is not a term appropriate for cisgender people to use when communicating about transgender people, because it can have negative connotations that the transgender person is being deceptive. It’s important to remember a trans man is a man, and a trans woman is a woman. That is their gender, which no one else can decide for them. 

STP 

Stand-to-pee (STP) devices are vessels that enable people who have vulvas to urinate while standing up. STPs can help reduce gender dysphoria and create opportunities for gender euphoria. They can also help with public toilet access due to the limited number of toilet stalls often available in men’s toilets. STPs vary in how they look. Some look like a funnel or scoop, while others are life-like moulded prosthetics.

TERF

TERF stands for trans-exclusionary radical feminist. A TERF standpoint is anti-trans as it can involve advocating for limiting the rights of TGD people to access spaces gendered as women’s spaces, events, and categories. Often, there is a fear and propaganda that the inclusion of transgender people into these spaces will result in a reduction in the rights of women who were assigned female at birth. Or even an unfounded fear of harm. The standpoint refuses to acknowledge that trans women are women.  

Testosterone 

Testosterone is one of the androgen sex hormones the testes make, which helps the body physically develop male sex characteristics. Testosterone is something everyone has, even females, but males typically have more testosterone. Testosterone is the hormone that can also be repeatedly administered to masculinise the body. Testosterone is often shortened to just “T”.

Top surgery 

Top surgery is surgery that removes chest/breast tissue and reconstructs this area, a chest that looks more like the chest of someone who was assigned male at birth (AMAB). Top surgery may be undertaken by trans men, non-binary, and gender-diverse folks for different reasons. This surgery is also referred to as chest surgery and chest masculinisation surgery.

Tracheal shave

A feminising surgery to remove part of a person’s Adam’s apple (laryngeal prominence made of thyroid cartilage).

Transsexual

Transsexual is an outdated term for a transgender person. Some transgender people may still refer to themselves this way. 

Transgender

There isn’t always a match between the biological sex someone is assumed to be at birth and their gender. People who experience this mismatch are often referred to as transgender people. Trans ‘means on the other side of’. For example, someone who was assigned female at birth (AFAB) but saw themselves as a boy/man. Transgender is an umbrella that also includes non-binary people and gender-diverse people.

Transitioning

GLAAD relay ‘Transition is the process a person undertakes to bring their gender expression and/or their body into alignment with their gender identity. It is a complex process that occurs over a long period, and the exact steps involved in transition will vary from person to person. Transition can include:

Social transition – Telling family, friends, and co-workers, using a different name, using different pronouns, dressing differently, starting or stopping wearing make-up and jewellery, etc

Legal transition – Changing your name and/or sex marker on documents like a driver’s license, passport, Social Security record, bank accounts, etc.

Medical transition – Hormone replacement therapy and/or one or more surgical procedures.’

Transfeminine

Also referred to as trans femme. Transfeminine refers to transgender and non-binary people who may have a feminine gender expression but don’t identify with being a man. Transfeminine people use a range of pronouns.

Transgenderism/gender ideology

Transgenderism and gender ideology are two terms people who take an anti-trans standpoint use to undermine the human rights of trans people by proclaiming that being transgender is just an ideology or belief system. A gender identity is someone’s internal sense of who they are, not an ideology.

Transmasculine

Also referred to as trans masc. Transmasculine refers to transgender and non-binary people who may have a masc gender expression but don’t identify with being a man. Trans-masc people use a range of pronouns.

Transphobia

Transphobia is not a true phobia. Transphobia is when people have a set of negative beliefs, which may include not believing someone can truly be TGD and negative connotations about TGD people based on prejudice and stereotypes. It can include mistrust, fear, hatred, and aversion to TGD people. It can emerge in behaviours including discriminating, excluding, actively trying to remove the rights of trans people, silencing trans voices, voting for transphobic politicians, ignoring the mistreatment and bullying of trans children/youth, misgendering, refusing someone service, languaging trans people as a threat, using someone’s deadname, misrepresenting trans people, transphobic joking, using bad science as propaganda or rationale for the denial of rights, denigrating a trans person with words or actions, swearing at, outing someone, putting children/youth in conversion therapy, not supporting a child/youth’s gender identity, not allowing someone to use the gendered toilet which aligns with their gender, and outright violence towards trans people. Beyond the individual, transphobia can manifest in systems, such as legal, government, educational, and medical. Because we can’t just switch society off, gender minorities often internalise the negative views about being a trans person. This is called internalised transphobia. 

Tucking

Some TGD people with testicles and penises tuck their genitals. Tucking is a common practice for many transgender women. Tucking is when people reposition their genitals to create a smoother, flatter appearance.

Vaginoplasty

Vaginoplasty is a feminising surgery done to the genitals to make a vagina. This is done to help affirm the person’s gender. Vaginoplasty is a type of bottom surgery.

Vulvoplasty

Vulvoplasty is a feminising surgery done to the genitals to make a vulva. This is done to help affirm the person’s gender. Vulvoplasty is a type of bottom surgery.

Watchful waiting

Watchful waiting was a former model/approach of clinical care for TGD children and young people, which involved waiting to see if a child remained persistent in experiencing themselves to be the gender identity that did not match the sex they were assigned at birth. It was based on previous understandings and definitions of gender identity. Old definitions meant children who would not meet today’s criterion for being transgender, were part of the pool of children that used to be considered transgender. And some of these children would often not persist in seeing themselves as a gender identity which did not match their sex assigned at birth. Watchful waiting involved not intervening and typically not having the child engage in social transitioning until they were deemed to have the maturity further into adolescence to be sure. Though it could involve assessment. The approach waited to see if being transgender was just a phase. The current World Professional Association for Transgender Health International Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (WPATH SOC 8) guides health practitioners in evidence-based health care for trans people, including children and adolescents. WPATH SOC 8 does not recommend watchful waiting due to the harmful impacts that research indicates can occur when parents and/or health professionals do not support interventions, such as social transition, if this is right for the child, early enough.    

WPATH

WPATH stands for the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, the lead international body for setting standards of health care for transgender people. WPATH’s International Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (WPATH SOC) guides health practitioners in evidence-based health care for trans people, including children and adolescents. 

References

• A Language Guide: Trans and Gender Diverse Inclusion by ACON 2019.
• Australian Standards of Care and Treatment Guidelines for Trans and Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents by AusPATH 2023.
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) by American Psychiatric Association 2013. 
• Feminizing Treatment for Transgender Females by Pediatric Endocrine Society 2018.
• Gender Affirming Healthcare: Everything You Need to Know by GenderGP 2023.
• Gender Terminology and Gender Dysphoria by Pediatric Endocrine Service 2018.
• GLAAD Media Reference Guide (11^th ed.) by Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation 2022.
• International Classification of Diseases 11th Edition: The global standard for diagnostic health information (ICD 11) by World Health Organisation 2019.
• Is Drag the Same as Transgender by Planned Parenthood 2023.
• Language by Trans Hub 2021.
• Language and Terminology by Pride in Health.
• LGBTTIQQ2SAA+ Definitions by Revel and Riot. Date unspecified.
• Masculinising Treatment for Transgender Males by Pediatric Endocrine Society 2018.
• Metoidioplasty by Gender Aid 2024.
• Online Anti-LGBTQ Hate Terms Defined: “Transgenderism” by GLAAD 2024.
• Our Sexuality by Crooks, Baur, & Widman 2021.
• Prepubertal Social Gender Transitions: What We Know; What We Can Learn—A View from a Gender Affirmative Lens by Ehrensaft, Giammattei, Storck, Tishelman, & Amand, 2018.
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• Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8 by Coleman et al., 2022.
• Talk Soon, Talk Often: A guide for parents talking to their kids 0-18 years about relationships and sex by Western Australian Department of Health 2019.
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• Transmasculine by Non-Binary Wiki 2024.
• Trans Sex by Lucie Fielding 2021.
• Vaginoplasty Feminising Surgery: Process Involved and Aftercare by National Health Service 2021.
• Your Guide to Words and Definitions in the LGBTQIA+ Community by Minus 18 2023.
• What is Gender by Educational Action Challenging Homophobia 2016. 
• What is Intersex by Intersex Human Rights Australia 2013.
• What is Stealth by Phoenix Animations 2020.
• What is the Definition of a Microaggression? By The Other Box- Equity, Diversity and Inclusion 2023.